Aristotle, engraving
Beyssent after Reydellet · 1773 · Wellcome Collection
Public Domain Mark
Historical reproduction resized and prepared as a background trace.
Image credits.
Historical works and photographs used across cityontology. Display treatments include cropping, resizing, color adjustments, translucency, and gradient overlays. No AI-generated imagery.
Portrait of Confucius at Leisure
Anonymous · Ming dynasty · Confucius Museum, Qufu
Public domain; faithful reproduction of a historical two-dimensional work
Resized proportionally and converted to WebP; source colors retained.
Immanuel Kant
Attributed to Gottlieb Döbler · 1791 · Ostpreußisches Landesmuseum, Lüneburg
Public domain; faithful reproduction of historical two-dimensional artwork
Attributed to Gottlieb Döbler, Immanuel Kant, 1791. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Resized proportionally where needed and converted to WebP; no generative alterations or crops.
Portrait of Benedictus de Spinoza
Anonymous · circa 1665 · Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel
Public domain; faithful reproduction of historical two-dimensional painting
Proportional resize to maximum 1100 px and RGB WebP conversion. Natural source colors retained; no additional crop, compositing, colorization or generated content.
William James seated in a chair
J. Notman, Boston (James Notman) · 1880 · 2002M-44 (56), James Family Additional Papers, 1862–1978, Houghton Library, Harvard University
Public domain; Houghton Library explicitly permits commercial and non-commercial reuse
Proportional resize to maximum 1100 px and conversion to RGB WebP; no new crop, colorization, generative alteration or compositing. Source coloration retained.
City crossing
13on
Unsplash License
Resized and converted to WebP.
The School of Athens
Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, 1483–1520) · 1509–1511 · Raphael Rooms, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
Public domain; faithful reproduction of historical two-dimensional artwork
Raphael, The School of Athens, 1509–1511. Vatican. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Resized proportionally where needed and converted to WebP; no generative alterations or crops.
The Grand Canal, Venice, Looking South toward the Rialto Bridge
Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) · 1730s · The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
CC0 1.0
Bequest of Mrs. Charles Wrightsman, 2019
Resized to maximum 1200 pixels; converted to RGB WebP; natural source colors retained. Cropped photographic border, easel, and calibration bars using rectangle (28,30,1137,693) in the 1200×733 downsampled image.
Manuscript of Avicenna
Text attributed to Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna); manuscript copyist unidentified; image credited to Wellcome Library, London · Not specified in the main Wellcome catalogue record; no precise date asserted here · Wellcome Collection, library reference Or 73; image L0016693; work yzcgwgdp
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Manuscript of Avicenna. Wellcome Collection. Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Source: Wellcome Collection. Image L0016693. Resized and converted to WebP.
Resized and converted to WebP; displayed with cropping, translucency, color treatments, and gradient overlays.
Scholar in Landscape
Sha Fu (Chinese, 1831–1906) · Qing dynasty (1644–1911); exact date not supplied in the object record · The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2024.549.34
Public domain; The Met Open Access
Sha Fu, Scholar in Landscape. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2024.549.34. Public domain.
Resized proportionally where needed and converted to WebP; no generative alterations or crops.
Nagarjuna and Aryadeva as Two Great Indian Buddhist Scholastics
Anonymous; reproduction Google Cultural Institute · 19th century · Rubin Museum of Art, C2006.66.167
Public domain; faithful reproduction of a historical two-dimensional work
Resized proportionally and converted to WebP; source colors retained.
Henri Bergson
Henri Manuel (1874–1947) · Unrecorded in Commons source; no exact date asserted · George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress, ggbain.38388
Public domain (US; expired author copyright in life-plus-75-or-shorter jurisdictions)
Proportional resize to maximum 1100 px and conversion to RGB WebP; no new crop, colorization, generative alteration or compositing. Source coloration retained.
The Philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Jakob Schlesinger (1792–1855); reproduction credited to Andres Kilger, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · 1831 · Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin, A I 556
Public domain (historical painting / faithful two-dimensional reproduction)
Proportional resize to maximum 1100 px and conversion to RGB WebP; no new crop, colorization, generative alteration or compositing. Source coloration retained.
Diamond Sutra, frontispiece
Unknown woodblock artist; digitization by International Dunhuang Project · 868 CE; digitization photograph dated 2009 in Commons record · British Library, Or.8210/P.2
Public domain; Commons Public Domain Mark; VRT permission record 2012102610006645
Diamond Sutra, 868 CE. British Library, Or.8210/P.2. International Dunhuang Project. Public domain.
Resized proportionally where needed and converted to WebP; no generative alterations or crops.
Melencolia I
Albrecht Dürer · 1514 · The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
CC0 1.0
Fletcher Fund, 1919
Resized to maximum 1200 pixels; converted to RGB WebP; natural source colors retained. No crop, compositing, or generated content.
The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning
Camille Pissarro · 1897 · The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
CC0 1.0
Gift of Katrin S. Vietor, in loving memory of Ernest G. Vietor, 1960
Proportionally resized and converted to WebP. Site presentation uses cropping, translucency, and color overlays. No generated content.
A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery
William Pether, after Joseph Wright of Derby; published by John Boydell · 20 May 1768 · Science History Institute
Public Domain Mark 1.0
Courtesy of Science History Institute
Cropped the paper border and lower inscription from the supplied 2880 × 2416 JPEG using rectangle (65, 75, 2820, 2190); proportionally resized and converted to WebP. Website presentation applies grayscale, tonal overlays, responsive cropping, and focus changes. No AI-generated alteration.
Nile River Delta at Night
NASA / Expedition 25 crew · 28 October 2010 · NASA Earth Observatory
NASA imagery — see media usage guidelines
NASA / ISS Crew Earth Observations, Johnson Space Center. Photograph ISS025-E-9858.
NASA supplied a cropped, contrast-enhanced photograph with lens artifacts removed. Converted to WebP; website applies responsive cropping and tonal overlays. No generated imagery.